Methi (Trigonella Foenum-Graecum): A Multifunctional Herbal DrugAnju., Mohammad Idris.Research Associate, Central Council for Research in Unani Medicine, New Delhi, India.Principal & Head, PG Departments of Ilm-us-Saidla, Ayurvedic & Unani Tibbia College & Hospital, Karol Bagh, New Delhi, IndiaHerbal medicines are one kind of dietary supplement, and they are used for their scent, flavor, or therapeutic properties. Methi or Trigonella foenum-graecum (TFG) belonging to the family Fabaceae is an aromatic perennial herb which is cultivated throughout India. It is widely used in cosmetic and flavoring industries.
It is included in the formulations used for cholasma, improving complexion and beautification. According to Unani classical literature, its suppository was made in conjunction with duck fat and introduced into the body to cure scirrhus of the uterus and its mouth opened up.
It is extensively used for several human diseases mentioned in Unani system of medicine. Various scientific/ experimental studies have been performed presently on TFG namely, phytochemical, physicochemical, pharmacological and clinical studies. In this review, Various actions and clinical indications have been elaborated in the Unani classical literature and some properties namely Anti-inflammatory, An-diabetic, Antiarthritic, Antiglycemic, Antioxidant and Anti-stress activities have been revalidated in the light of recent scientific researches. Significant information about methi as a traditional herbal medicine is provided in this review.Keywords: Methi, Hulba, Trigonella foenum-graecum, Unani System of medicine, Herbal drug.How to cite this article:Anju, Mohammad Idris. Methi (Trigonella Foenum-Graecum): A Multifunctional Herbal Drug. Journal of Herbal Medicine Research, 2018,3:26.
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Nematicidal Properties of Some Indigenous Plant Materials against Second Stage Juveniles of Meloidogyne incognita (Koffoid and white) Chitwood. Indian Journal of Ent, 1979; 41:326.31. Genet S, Kate RK, Baquer NZ. Effects of Vanadate, Insulin and Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum) on Creatine kinase in Tissues of Diabetic Rat. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 1999; 37:200-202.32. Kamal R, Yadav R, Sharma JD. Efficacy of the Steroidal Fraction of Fenugreek Seed Extract on Fertility of Male Albino Rats, Phytother Res, 1993;7(2), 134-138.33.
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Antioxidant Activity of Trigonella Foenum Graecum using various in Vitro and Ex Vivo Models.International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2011;3 (2):96-102.39. Akter Moli, Mirola Afroze, Ambia Khatun. Evaluation of Analgesic, Neuropharmacological and Cytotoxic Activity of Trigonella foenum-graecum Linn. International Current Pharmaceutical Journal, 2011; 1(1):6-11.40. Sreeja S, Anju V.S.
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Mohammadi A, Gholamhosseinian A., Fallah H. Trigonella foenumgraecum Water Extract Improves Insulin Sensitivity and Stimulates PPAR and γ Gene Expression in High Fructose-Fed Insulin-Resistent Rats. Journal of Advanced Medical Research, 2016; 5: 54.42. Chatterjee S, Prasad S, Variyar, Sharma A. Bioactive Lipid Constituents of a Fenugreek.
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Makhzan Ul Mufradat
Suja PR, Anuradha CV, and Viswanathan P. Gastroprotective effect of fenugreek seeds (Trigonella foenum graecum) on experimental gastric ulcer in rats. J Ethnopharmacol, 2002; 8: 393-397.45. Meera R, Devi P, Kameswari B, Madhumitha B & Merlin NJ. Antioxidant and Hepatoprotective Activities of Ocimum basilicum Linn. Foenum –graecum Linn.
Against H2O2 and CCL4 induced Hepatotoxicity in Goat Liver. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 2009; 47: 584-590.46. Kole PL,Jadhav HR,Thakurdesai P and Nagappa AN. Cosmetics Potential of Herbal Extracts. Journal of Natural Product Radiance, 2005; 4(4): 318.47. Megha D, Anissa M, Balkrishna U, Rohini K, (2012). Effect of Trigonellafoenum-graecum (Fenugreek/ Methi) on Hemoglobin Levels in Females of Child Bearing Age.
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Allergenicity and Antigenicity of Fenugreek. Journal of Allergy Clinic Immunology, 2009;123(1): 187-194.52.
Verma S,Kumar N and Sharma PK. Extraction and Evaluation of Trigonella foenum graecum Linn & Linum usitatissimum seed mucilage. Global Journal of Pharmacology, 2014; 8(4): 510-514.53. Kumar R, Patil S, Patil MB, Sachin R. Patil SR, Paschapur MS. Isolation and Evaluation of Disintegrant Properties of Fenugreek Seed Mucilage. International Journal of Pharm Tech Research CODEN (USA), 2009;1(4):982-996.
MS P 12, fol. 1bThe right-hand side of an that begins one fascicle of a presentation copy of a pharmacopoeia apparently taken from the Jāmi‘ al-javāmi‘-i Mu ḥammad-Shāhī by Hakīm ‘Alavī Khān (d. 1747/1160 or 1749/1162), which was dedicated to and named for the Mughal emperor Mu ḥammad-Shāh.
The copy was completed on 4 Dhu al-Hijjah 1144 (= 3 May 1732) by Ḥusayn ibn ‘Abd al-? Mūsavī during the reign of Mu ḥammad-Shāh, and it may have formed part of the presentation copy to him. Above the text, which is written inside set within a gilt and black, there is a large illuminated head-piece painted in gilt, red, blue, and pink opaque watercolors incorporating very small floral designs. The margins are filled with similar decorative panels painted in blue, red, pink, brown, and gilt.
The marginal extends also to the facing (see fol. MS P 12, fol. 2aThe left-hand side of an illuminated double-opening that begins one fascicle of a presentation copy of a pharmacopoeia apparently taken from the Jāmi‘ al-javāmi‘-i Mu ḥammad-Shāhī by Hakim ‘Alavī Khān (d. 1747/1160 or 1749/1162), which was dedicated to and named for the Mughal emperor Mu ḥammad-Shāh. The copy was completed on 4 Dhu al-Hijjah 1144 (= 3 May 1732) by Ḥusayn ibn ‘Abd al-?
Mūsavī during the reign of Mu ḥammad-Shāh, and it may have formed part of the presentation copy to him. The text is written inside gilt cloud-bands set within a gilt and black frame. The margins are filled with decorative panels incorporating very small floral designs, painted in blue, red, pink, brown, and gilt. The marginal illumination extends also to the facing folio (see fol.
MS P 12, fol. 426bThe last folio of a presentation copy of one fascicle, concerned with medicaments discussed in alphabetical order, of a pharmacopoeia.
It appears to be a copy of a portion of the Jāmi‘ al-javāmi‘-i Mu ḥammad-Shāhī by Hakīm ‘Alavī Khān (d. 1747/1160 or 1749/1162), which was dedicated to and named for the Mughal emperor Mu ḥammad-Shāh. The copy was completed on 4 Dhu al-Hijjah 1144 (= 3 May 1732) by Ḥusayn ibn ‘Abd al-?
Mūsavī during the reign of Mu ḥammad-Shāh, and it may have formed part of the presentation copy to him. There are impressions of three large owner's stamps, one oval and two square, not very legible.Physical DescriptionPersian.
29.8 x 20.2 (text area 21.2 x 12.3) cm; 19 lines per page. The title Kitab Makhzan al-adviyah is taken from the start of the text, fol. 1b, though it would appear to be a subtitle and not the title of the treatise of which this volume forms one fascicle. No author is given.The date of the copy 4 Dhu al-Hijjah 1144 (= 3 May 1732) is given in the (fol.
426b), where the scribe's name is given as: Ḥusayn ibn ‘Abd al-? Mūsavī. This name may have been written over an earlier one.This copy contains the second part of an alphabetical study of materia medica, beginning with the letter sin.The text is written in a fine medium-large professional with some vocalization using black ink with headings in red. There are red and red marginal headings.
There are also, The entire text is written within frames of gilt fine blue lines filled with gilt.Fol 1b has an large illuminated head-piece in red, blue, and gilt; on fols. 1b and 2a the text is written within gilt cloud-bands and is set within a gilt and black frame, while the areas outside the frame are filled with abstract ornamentation of blue, red, and gilt; on all other folios the text is written within a frame of gilt, blue, and black, which is set within a larger frame formed of two delicate black lines, partially gilt filled.The ivory paper is thin and very glossy; with, single. There is some water damage and soiling through thumbing. There are repairs to the edges of the first two folios which are now. A tissue has been placed between the first two folios to protect the illumination.The volume consists of 427 leaves. 1a and 427 are blank except for two later notes on the first side of 427 and a large number of largely illegible notes on fol.
BindingThe is made of maroon leather over, both covers having a central medallion and 2 pendants filled with blue paper and stamped with floral designs. The central design is enclosed by a frame of gold-stamped chain links with 4 corner pieces filled with blue paper and stamped with floral designs. This frame is in turn set within a larger one composed of paper-inlaid cartouches stamped with floral designs and painted gold. Traces of gilt remain on the blue paper inlays.
The red leather spine is a recent replacement. The and are of brown-gray-white marbled paper. ProvenanceThe volume was purchased in 1941 by the Army Medical Library from A.S. Yahuda (ELS No. 1608).There are impressions on fol. 426b of three large owner's stamps, one oval and two square, not very legible. Some of the now illegible notes on fol.
1a may have contained information regarding some owners. References, Cat. & MSS., entry P 12, p. 333, where the author is given as Mu ḥammadḤusayn Khān ibn Mu ḥammad Hādī, ‘Alavī, Khurasānī - that is, the great-nephew who composed his treatise in 1771, rather than the uncle ‘Alavī Khān.
This incorrect identification was repeated by E. Savage-Smith in Islamic Culture and the Medical Arts: A Brochure to Accompany an Exhibition in Celebration of the 900 th Anniversary of the Oldest Arabic Medical Manuscript in the Collections of the National Library of Medicine (Bethesda, MD: NLM, 1994).NLM Microfilm Reel: FILM 48-133 no.
Table 1 ¾ Assessmentquestions to exclude other anxiety disordersSymptoms related to panic disorder:Have you experienced severe distress in which your heart wasracing, you had difficulty in breathing, and you thought you might be havinga heart attack? (Yes / No)Symptoms of obsessive thoughts or Compulsive behaviors,related to OCD:Do you find yourself constantly having recurrent thoughts thatare difficult to control or stop?
(Yes / No)Symptoms related to phobic disorder:Do you have severe fears of persons, places, or thingsthat prevent you from doing things you want? (Yes / No)Symptoms related to post-traumatic stress disorder:Have you experienced a severe tragedy in your life thatcomes back to you in dreams or flashbacks? (Yes / No)OCD=ObsessiveCompulsive Disorder.
Table 3 ¾ Mizaj (temperament) of patients (N=56)VarianceMizaj (Temperament)Damwi(Sanguin)Balghami(Phlegmatic)Safravi(Bilious)Saudavi(Melancholic)No of patients in drug group002220No of patients in Placebo group0095Total No. Of patients in003125ResultsTotal 60 patients belonging to 18-50yrs of age and both sexes, diagnosed as cases of anxiety neurosis (generalizedanxiety disorder) as per DSM-IV diagnostic criteria were registered. Out of 60subjects, 43 were included in the drug group and 17 in the placebo group. Threecases of placebo group dropped the study at 2 nd week of treatmentdue to the lack of benefit; while14 cases completed the study till end point (6weeks). One case of drug group did not turn up after the first visit, whereas42 cases accomplished the study satisfactorily for 6 weeks. On analysis of Mizaj (temperament) recorded as per theclassical parameters ( Ajnas-e-ashra),the patients belonged either to SafraviMizaj (bilious temperament) or SaudaviMizaj (melancholic temperament) (Table 3) 20.
On exploringdifferent symptoms of anxiety on HARS, most frequently found symptoms werepalpitation, restlessness, fatigability, frequency of micturition, difficultyin concentration, feeling of weakness, and hot or cold flushes (Table 4). Sankhaholi treatment producedsignificant reduction in all symptoms of anxiety neurosis. The differencesbetween pre-treatment and post-treatment, total HARS scores of all patients inthe drug group (differences between paired observations) were computed byapplying Wilcoxon signed rank test. The value of Z was calculated as 5.50 forpositive differences and –5.50 for negative differences. The value 5.50 isgreater than 2.20 (the table value of Z) and –5.50 is greater than –2.20 (tablevalue of Z). Hence, it is a statistically significant result (p.10) (Table 6). By applyingpaired ‘t’ test independently for each group, pre-treatment and post treatmentmean scores of each individual item on HARS were also compared.
The differencewas found significant in case of drug group and insignificant in case ofplacebo group (Tables 7 & 8) (Figs. Paired ‘t’ test was alsoused to assess the difference between pretreatment and post treatment meanscores of HARS for total items. Significant difference in case of drug groupand insignificant difference in case of placebo group was computed (Table 9;Figs.
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Drug and placebo groups were compared with each other byusing unpaired student ‘t’ test. The value of ‘t’ was calculated as 9.08, whichis much higher than the table value of ‘t’ (3.55) at 54 degree of freedom (p. 1 ¾ Pretreatment of individual item of HARSFig. 2 ¾ Post treatment of individual item of HARSFig. 3 ¾ Pretreatment of total itemsof HARSFig.
4 ¾ Post treatment of totalitems of HARSDiscussionThe aim of the present study was to findout an effective and safe treatment (as Sankhaholi)of anxiety neurosis and to ascertain the anxiolytic effect of Sankhaholi ( Evolvulus alsinoides Linn.). In the single blind, placebocontrolled trial, the effects of Sankhaholias well as placebo were monitored on all four degrees of anxiety. Although, thenumber of patients having severe degree of anxiety was small. Sankhaholi treatment producedsignificant relief in all the symptoms of anxiety neurosis irrespective ofduration of illness and severity of anxiety within 2-6 weeks period. In placebogroup, reduction in anxiety scores was also observed at 2 nd or 3 rdweek of treatment but in the later period of placebo treatment no furtherimprovement was noticed, rather an increase in the anxiety scores was observed.The relief in anxiety with Sankhaholitreatment was found sustained and progressive; the relief at the early phase ofplacebo treatment was appealing; however, such placebo response rates (40-50%)are well known with anxiety disorders 21-23.
The test drug Sankhaholi was well tolerated, nosignificant adverse effect was reported during and after treatment. After 6weeks of treatment abrupt withdrawal was not associated with any withdrawalsymptoms. The drug induced normal sound sleep in the patients without anyhangover. None of the patients reported somnolence, withdrawal fatigue orworsening of the symptoms. Thus, Sankhaholi appeared to have several ofthe advantages but none of the disadvantages of conventional anxiolytic drugssuch as benzodiazepines, tricyclic antidepressants, and buspirone. The studytherefore confirmed that Sankhaholiis a safe and effective drug for the treatment of anxiety neurosis.
Aspreliminary pharmacology of Sankhaholi( Evolvulus alsinoides Linn.)discovered that its alkaloid, evolvine decreased the heart rate and force ofcontraction in small doses and caused cardiac arrest in large doses in a pithedfrog 8. Sankhaholi has someeffects on noradrenergic neurotransmission, and it alleviates anxiety bymodulating noradrenergic neurotransmitter system, as the role of noradrenergicmalfunctioning has been linked to the etiology of anxiety neurosis 24-27.
Table 4 ¾ Frequency of differentanxiety symptoms on Hamilton Anxiety Rating ScaleSymptomsDrug groupPlacebo groupFrequency%Frequency%Irritability1842.86642.85Worries819.05428.57Easy fatigability1228.57535.71Feeling of tension716.66321.43Startle response24.7600Restlessness1638.09642.85Fear716.66535.71Difficulty in fallingasleep921.43642.85Broken sleep511.90214.28Fatigue on waking1023.80214.28Dreams / night mares24.7600Difficulty in concentration1228.57321.43Poor memory614.28214.28Loss of interest49.52214.28Lack of pleasure in hobbies511.90214.28Depression12.3800Hot or cold flushes.
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